Crime Rates an Econometric Analysis - 4665 Words

Crime Rates: An Econometric Analysis using population, unemployment and growth Table of Contents I. Introduction A.) Background of the Study B.) Problem Statement C.) Objectives D.) Significance of the Study E.) Scope and Limitations II. Review of Related Literature III. Operational Framework A.) Variable List B.) Model Specification C.) A-priori Expectations IV. Methodology A.) Data B.) Preliminary Tests V. Results and Discussions VI. Conclusion and Recommendations VII. Bibliography VIII. Appendices INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Ever since the first civilizations, ever since the dawn of government and morals, crime has accompanied mankind in his everyday†¦show more content†¦The researcher would have preferred to add potential influences such as literacy rates and family incomes however such data are collected in periods of 3 years or greater, thus leaving the researcher no choice but to analyze based on annually recorded economic variables. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Prior to 1968, crime was viewed as a social and moral construct. However this changed when Gary Becker’s Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach was published in 1968. Becker takes into account the Opportunities and Costs of committing a crime; that a criminal would steal because the benefits are greater than the costs. Wadsworth (2001), on the other hand, states that employment is a key factor that affects crime rates. It is not the fact of unemployment that pushes them into being criminals but the hardships that they experience. The ideals in this study will follow suite to the ideals of the said researchers. The variables of CPI, Income, unemployment and population density all play important roles in determining crime rates. OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK A. Variable List The variables used in the model are described as follows: Variable Name | Description | Lncrimerate | Crime Rate | d_l_gnipc | Gross National Income Per Capita | d_l_urbanpop | Population in Urbanized Areas | d_l_cpi | Consumer Price Index | d_l_popdens | Population Density | d_l_unemp | Number of Unemployed Persons | B. ModelShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Justice Expenditure On The Crime Rate Since 19921392 Words   |  6 PagesExpenditure on the Crime Rate Since 1992 1. Introduction The crime rate is the result of problems in public safety. As one of the most important public good, safety has generates positive externalities that helps urban development. However, due to the fact tighter police protection budgets yield the local law enforcement to maintain or improve the efficiency of policing with fewer hands and resources. Will an increase in justice expenses bring us a safer local environment? 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Politics Politics And Politics - 939 Words

Politics is more than just the activities of those in power in the government but is especially the debate of those who are running to achieve power of the government. During political debates the candidates are asked questions about their position on various current issues. They put signs out to inform people that they are running for office. They also attend parades, go to meetings, hold political events, host meet the candidate events, and they even have republican and democratic conventions. The consequence of these events is they are promoting themselves to have the voters to elect them. Political thinking and acting such as having different views on a specific issues such as abortion. Either they can be pro-choice or pro-life. Their views on variety of issues affects whether or not someone will vote for them. Other views on how the government should run, spend money, if the country should be involved in a war or not, and how to deal with terrorists are other important topics to o. Not only is politics important in today’s society but politics was important in mythology too. The Bacchae is a play written by Euripides, who unfortunately died before he could see the performance. However, Euripides’ son directed the play for him. The play tells the story of a young king who is not prepared for the appropriate behavior needed to engage in politics. The young king is unwilling to compromise and unwilling to admit his mistakes. The young king s name is Pentheus. DionysusShow MoreRelatedPolitics2099 Words   |  9 PagesEssay Question: Define â€Å"politics† in your own words relate your definition to that of the classical scholars discussed in class. Which of the three do you prefer and why. Introduction: Many people disagree about what the word politics can mean and how it is used in our country. 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Romanticism †Samual Taylor Coleridge Joseph Turner Free Essays

In a reaction to the rational, conformist conventions of the Augustans, writers and artists of the Romantic era advocated the transcendence of rationality through a sublime and imaginative connection with the natural world. This emancipation from traditional social and moral restraints informed their literary, artistic and philosophical pursuits. It was these qualities that marked the movement as unique in the history of European intellectual discourse. We will write a custom essay sample on Romanticism – Samual Taylor Coleridge Joseph Turner or any similar topic only for you Order Now Romanticism derived largely from the ‘transcendental idealism’ of Emmanuel Kant, which proposed that things exist outside the intellect that we simply cannot comprehend through pure reason. Three Romantic texts – Samual Taylor Coleridge’s poems ‘This Lime Tree Bower My Prison’ and ‘Kubla Khan’ and Joseph Turner’s painting Snowstorm: steamboat off a harbour’s mouth – reveal how the human imaginative appreciation of the natural world is able to transcend physical limitations as well as the restrictions of technology and logic. Coleridge, in particular, was a true proponent of the Romantic tradition. He described the uniting of reason and feeling as ‘intellectual intuition’ and saw imagination as ‘the ultimate synthesising faculty, enabling humans to reconcile differences and opposites in a world of appearances. His poem ‘This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison’ clearly exemplifies the power of the imagination, combined with the redeeming and regenerative power of nature, which enables him to overcome the isolation of egotism. The intimate, personal nature of this conversation poem engages the reader as they are transported with the poet to new locations and perhaps themselves transformed. Coleridge presents an idealised view of pastoral England with vividness, intensity and delicacy, thereby stimulating the senses and the mind. Colours used to evoke mood and imagery, ‘blue betwixt two Isles Of purple shadow! ‘ is integral throughout. His vision is visceral, bringing enlightenment and contentment to the poet and the reader. The poet also controls light intensity to great effect; binary opposites reflect his thought process, as in â€Å"pale beneath the blaze†. He contrasts dark and light, pale and radiant, shadow and sunshine throughout. His thoughts also move from the finite ‘dell, overwooded, narrow deep’ of the first stanza to the infinite ‘wide, wide heaven’ of the following stanzas. Antithetical concepts of freedom with restriction, absence with presence and the imagined with the real create a systolic and diastolic rhythm that merges Coleridge’s psychological beliefs with his imaginative experience, aligning with what Kant describes as the individual’s ‘subjective reality’. The structure of the poem is cyclic, with emphasis on pain before pleasure, with ‘well, they are gone, and here I must remain’ before the later stanza that begins with ‘A delight comes sudden in my heart, and I am glad as myself were there. The poet ceases feeling isolated and communes with nature, imagining that he is with his friends, before ending by referring to the lime-tree bower beneath which he sits, and to his friend, the ‘gentle-hearted Charles’, once again. The illumination of nature’s power and its ability to transform can also be seen in another of Coleridge’s poems ‘Kubla Khan’. The first stan za, set inside the walls of Kubla Khan’s ‘pleasure dome’ in Xanadu, contrasts with the second stanza which takes the reader outside those confines, reflecting the same systolic and diastolic thoughts that are evident in ‘This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison’. As Xanadu is a synonym for ‘paradise’ or ‘utopia’, the poem can be considered a reflection on Coleridge’s perception of heaven, linking to the pantheistic belief that God is found in nature. ‘The sacred river Alph’ running through this paradise represents in the realm of a poet’s imagination a holy and divine place. The ‘caverns measureless to man’ reflect the endless creations that can emanate from such a powerful imagination. The ‘walls and towers’ that encircle the fertile ground and the ‘enfolding’ of greenery speak of the poet’s energy in trying to capture and hold onto nature’s power and beauty. The intensity of the world outside the tamed garden highlights the power of the natural world in contrast to the ultimate fragility of man-made structures. The ‘dome of pleasure’ built by Kubla Khan may be taken to represent the man-made and may perhaps be a comment, on a wider scale, to the Industrial Revolution. Coleridge juxtaposes this with an image of the natural flow of the river to sea, showing his greater appreciation for the creative force of nature. Joseph Turner’s painting Snowstorm; steamboat off a harbour’s mouth making signals in shallow water, and going by the lead also contrasts the natural world and the man made. Like the eruption of the natural world in Kubla Khan, this painting illustrates an extreme phenomenon of nature — a snowstorm at sea. The Neo-Classicists believed that technology would triumph over nature. Turner’s painting, however, depicts the awesome power of nature, and its sublime beauty, as it overpowers technology. The steamboat, representing the latest technology of the time, is a symbol for the Industrial Revolution, which was in full swing by this point. The experience of being caught in a storm on board the steamboat, provided Turner with the conception for his painting. Turner claimed that he had the ship’s sailors strap him to the mast, so as to capture the true atmospheric conditions of the event. ‘I wished to show what such a scene was like’ Turner wrote. ‘I got the sailors to lash me to the mast to observe it [the storm]; I was lashed for hours† The sleet, the bitterly cold, roaring winds and the surging waves throwing up sea spray were the atmospheric conditions Turner needed to feel. This personal experience of such a sublime moment in nature enabled him to record, through his painting, the feelings and emotions of an individual’s experience of the storm. While Turner’s original idea for the painting emanated from actual experience, its execution derives from complex imaginative truths. The painting has a very clear relief like surface and the texture is picturesque, as the brush strokes are very evident. Turner wanted to be innovative and to challenge tradition, to produce works that depict a sublime atmosphere and spirit. The painting is an emancipatory expression through its intensity of hue, which renders the image of the boat barely recognisable, thus challenging Neo-Classical mechanistic properties of sharp colours and realism. All three texts — the Turner painting and the two Coleridge poems — depict the sublime beauty of nature and its ability to transform a negative human mind-frame and to transcend the man-made products of the Industrial Revolution. While the ways in which each of the individual texts show this differs, they each allow the responder to appreciate the same ideas. Coleridge provides two different perspectives in his poems ‘This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison’ and ‘Kubla Khan’. The first is an entirely first-person perspective, typical of his conversational poems, enabling the reader to become involved on a personal level. ‘Kubla Khan’ is mainly narrated from a third-person perspective, giving it a grander story-like feel. Like â€Å"This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison† Joseph Turner’s â€Å"Snowstorm: steamboat off a harbour’s mouth† represents a personal appreciation of an extreme natural event. The event is shown to be as violent as it is beautiful and the form enables the viewer to visually appreciate it and connect with it on a transcendental level. It clearly illustrates the power of the natural over the unnatural. As Northrop Frye has argued, ‘Romanticism has brought into modern consciousness the feeling that society can develop or progress only by individualising itself, by being sufficiently tolerant and flexible to allow an individual to find his own identity within it, even though in doing so he comes to repudiate most of the conventional values of society. ’ How to cite Romanticism – Samual Taylor Coleridge Joseph Turner, Papers